Version June 2024
| Patient factors |
| Age; younger higher risk than older |
| Premature birth |
| Upper respiratory tract infection (≤2 weeks) |
| Recurrent wheezing |
| Current/past asthma |
| Nocturnal dry cough |
| Wheezing during exercise |
| Hayfever |
| Current/past eczema |
| Family history of asthma, eczema, hayfever |
| Passive/active smoker |
| Other respiratory illnesses (eg, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis) |
| Previous history of apnea |
| Obstructive sleep apnea |
| Obesity |
| Syndromes associated with airway obstruction (eg, Down Syndrome) |
| Anemia, hematocrit level less than 30% |
| Unfasted patient |
| Surgical factors |
| Shared airway procedures (eg, ear, nose, and throat; dental; respiratory) |
| Blood, secretions in upper airway |
| Sudden surgical stimulation |
| Emergency procedure |
| Anesthesia-related factors |
| Premedication with midazolam |
| Topical airway lidocaine |
| Inhalational induction of anesthesia |
| Invasive airway management (endotracheal tube > laryngeal mask airway > facemask) |
| Less experience with airway management |
| Insufficient supervision ratio for trainees (eg, supervisor absent for critical periods during anesthesia) |
| Desflurane administration |
| High-dose opioid administration, intraoperative or postoperative |
| Administration of neuromuscular blocking agents |
| Nurse-to-patient ratio in the recovery area (<1:1) |
| Mixed anesthetic clinical practice (adult/pediatric > solely pediatric) |
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