| Cardiac | Myocyte injury - Demand ischemia
- Trauma, cardiovascular surgery
- Toxins
- Infection (myocarditis, rheumatic fever)
- Drugs (alcohol, chemotherapy, cocaine, methysergide, carbon monoxide)
Hepatic congestion Hemolysis |
| Central nervous system disorders | - Bacterial meningitis
- Cerebral hemorrhage
- Cerebral venous thrombosis
|
| Drug-induced | - Neuroleptic agents (neuroleptic malignant syndrome)
- Withdrawal of L-Dopa or dopamine agonist
- Serotonin syndrome
- Malignant hyperthermia
- Recreational drugs
- Myopathies (colchicine, antimalarials, cholesterol-lowering drugs, cocaine, alcohol, glucocorticoid)
|
| Endocrine | - Hypothyroidism
- Acromegaly
- Cushing's syndrome
- Diabetic muscle infarction
|
| Gastrointestinal | - Acute pancreatitis
- Intestinal obstruction
- Early acute hepatitis
- Ischemic hepatitis
|
| Hematologic | Hemolytic anemias - Inherited (spherocytosis, sickle cell disease, deficiency of red blood cell enzymes)
- Acquired (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, PNH, immune hemolysis)
Ineffective erythropoiesis - Pernicious anemia, folic acid deficiency
- Iron deficiency
- Primary myelofibrosis
|
| Infection | - Pneumocystis pneumonia (late)
- Tuberculosis
- Malaria
- Parasitic
- Legionnaires disease
- Histoplasmosis
- Toxoplasmosis
|
| Malignancy | - Leukemias
- Lymphomas
- Solid tumors (testicular germ cell tumors)
- Tumor lysis syndrome (large tumor burden)
|
| Neuromuscular | - Myopathies (inherited, acquired, drug)
- Periodic paralyses
|
| Pregnancy | - Preeclampsia
- Adnexal mass in pregnancy
- HELLP syndrome
|
| Pulmonary | - Pulmonary embolism, infarction
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
|
| Renal | |
| Rheumatologic | - Dermatomyositis
- MCTD
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Scleroderma
- Sjögren's syndrome
- SLE
|
| Trauma | |
| Vasculitis | - Polyarteritis nodosa
- Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss vasculitis)
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis [Wegener's]
- Behçet's syndrome
- Sarcoidosis
|
| Idiosyncratic LDH elevation | The presence of macro-LDH (LDH combined with an immunoglobulin), not associated with any symptoms or particular disease |
