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خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
نسخه الکترونیک
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Clinical manifestations of cirrhosis

Clinical manifestations of cirrhosis
Symptoms
Anorexia
Weight loss
Weakness
Fatigue
Muscle cramps
Easy bruising
Amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea/metrorrhagia (women)
Impotence (men)
Infertility
Decreased libido (men)
Jaundice*
Dark or "cola-colored" urine*
Pruritus*
Hematemesis/melena/hematochezia*
Abdominal distension*
Lower extremity edema*
Confusion or sleep disturbances*
Physical examination
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Spider angiomata/spider telangiectasias
Palmar erythema
Digital clubbing
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Dupuytren's contracture
Muehrcke nails
Terry nails
Parotid gland enlargement (likely due to alcohol use and not cirrhosis per se)
Gynecomastia (men)
Loss of chest or axillary hair (men)
Testicular atrophy (men)
Caput medusa
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten murmur (venous hum heard best with the stethoscope over the epigastrium)
Jaundice*
Ascites (abdominal distension, shifting dullness, fluid wave)*
Asterixis*
Fetor hepaticus*
Laboratory tests
Moderately elevated aminotransferases (often with an AST:ALT ratio >1)
Elevated alkaline phosphatase (2 to 3 times the ULN)
Elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
Thrombocytopenia
Leukopenia/neutropenia
Anemia
Low serum albumin*
Prolonged prothrombin time/elevated INR*
Hyperbilirubinemia*
Hyponatremia*
Elevated serum creatinine*
Imaging tests
Surface nodularity
Increased echogenicity (ultrasound)
Atrophy of the right lobe
Hypertrophy of the caudate or left lobes
Small, nodular liver*
Ascites*
Hepatocellular carcinoma*
Portal/splenic/superior mesenteric vein thrombosis*
Portosystemic collaterals*
AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ULN: upper limit of normal; INR: international normalized ratio.
* Suggests advanced disease or the development of a major complication.
Graphic 90943 Version 3.0

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