Target antigens of commercially available RDTs*

RDT type	Target antigens of test	Possible results
I	1. HRP2 (P. falciparum specific)	No Pf Pf^¶ Invalid
II	1. HRP2 (P. falciparum specific) 2. Aldolase (pan-specific)	No malaria Pf or mixed^Δ Pv, Po, and/or Pm^◊ Invalid
III	1. HRP2 (P. falciparum specific) 2. pLDH (pan-specific)	No malaria Pf or mixed^Δ Pv, Po, and/or Pm^◊ Invalid
IV	1. pLDH (P. falciparum specific) 2. pLDH (pan-specific)	No malaria Pf or mixed^Δ Invalid
V	1. pLDH (P. falciparum specific) 2. pLDH (P. vivax specific)	No malaria Pf^¶ Pv Pf and Pv Invalid
VI	1. HRP2 (P. falciparum specific) 2. pLDH (pan-specific) 3. pLDH (P. vivax specific)	No malaria Pf and Pv +/– Po and/or Pm^Δ Pf +/– Po and/or Pm Pv +/– Po and/or Pm^◊ Po and/or Pm Invalid
VII	1. Aldolase	No malaria Pf, Pv, Po, and/or Pm^◊ Invalid

RDT: rapid diagnostic test; HRP2: histidine-rich protein 2; pLDH: Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase; Pf: Plasmodium falciparum; Pm: Plasmodium malariae; Po: Plasmodium ovale; Pv: Plasmodium vivax; invalid: an absent control line.
* Most combinations are available in cassette or dipstick format. All RDTs include a control line in addition to test line(s).
¶ Indicates that Pf is present. There could be other species present as coinfection.
Δ RDT cannot distinguish Pf from mixed infections (Pf with Pv, Po, or Pm). A positive HRP2 line alone could be present in low-density Pf infection, as an anti-aldolase test line is commonly less sensitive than an anti-HRP2 line, but low-density non-falciparum coinfection can equally be missed.
◊ Pf is excluded, other species are present as single species or as a coinfection.

Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Reviews Microbiology. Bell D, Wongsrichanalai C, Barnwell JW. Ensuring quality and access for malaria diagnosis: how can it be achieved? Nat Rev Microbiol 2006; 4:682. Copyright © 2006. www.nature.com/nrmicro.

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Target antigens of commercially available RDTs*