Obstetric urogenital fistulas: Simple versus complicated

Defining criteria	Good prognosis/simple	Complicated/uncertain
Number of fistula	Single	Multiple
Site	Vesicovaginal (VVF)	Rectovaginal (RVF) mixed VVF/RVF involvement of cervix
Size (diameter)	<4 cm	>4 cm
Involvement of the urethra/continence mechanism	Absent	Present
Scarring of vaginal tissue	Absent	Present
Presence of circumferential defect*	Absent	Present
Degree of tissue loss	Minimal	Extensive
Ureter/bladder involvement	Ureters are inside the bladder, not draining into the vagina	Ureters are draining into the vagina, bladder may have stones
Number of attempts at repair	No previous attempt	Failed previous attempts of repair

Criteria based on the degree of anticipated difficulty of the repair.

* The complete separation of the urethra from the bladder.

Modified from: Lewis G, de Bernis L (Eds). Obstetric Fistula: Guiding principles for clinical management and programme development. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2006.

Graphic 87415 Version 1.0

خرید پکیج

Obstetric urogenital fistulas: Simple versus complicated