Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy compared with pregnant controls

Degree of risk	Risk factors	Odds ratio
High	Previous ectopic pregnancy	2.7 to 8.3
	Previous tubal surgery	2.1 to 21
	Tubal pathology	3.5 to 25
	Sterilization	5.2 to 19
	IUD
	Past use	1.7
	Current use	4.2 to 16.4
	Levonorgestrel IUD	4.9*
	In vitro fertilization in current pregnancy	4 to 9.3
Moderate	Current use of estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives	1.7 to 4.5
	Previous sexually transmitted infections (gonorrhea, chlamydia)	2.8 to 3.7
	Previous pelvic inflammatory disease	2.5 to 3.4
	In utero DES exposure	3.7
	Smoking
	Past smoker	1.5 to 2.5
	Current smoker	1.7 to 3.9
	Previous pelvic/abdominal surgery	4
	Previous spontaneous abortion	3
Low	Previous medically induced abortion	2.8
	Infertility	2.1 to 2.7
	Age ≥40 years	2.9
	Vaginal douching	1.1 to 3.1
	Age at first intercourse <18 years	1.6
	Previous appendectomy	1.6

IUD: intrauterine device; DES: diethylstilbestrol.

* Rates of ectopic pregnancy may be higher among those using the 13.5 mg compared with the 52 mg levonorgestrel IUD. This is discussed in related UpToDate content.

Data from:

Clayton HB, Schieve LA, Peterson HB, et al. Ectopic pregnancy risk with assisted reproductive technology procedures. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107:595.
Ankum WM, Mol BW, Van der Veen F, Bossuyt PM. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 1996; 65:1093.
Bouyer J, Coste J, Shojaei T, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-control, population-based study in France. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157:185.
Mol BW, Ankum WM, Bossuyt PM, Van der Veen F. Contraception and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Contraception 1995; 52:337.
Li C, Zhao WH, Zhu Q, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a multicenter case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15:187.
Cheng L, Zhao WH, Meng CX, et al. Contraceptive use and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a multicenter case-control study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115031.
Hoover RN, Hyer M, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Adverse health outcomes in women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1304.

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Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy compared with pregnant controls