Stigmata of late congenital syphilis

Facial features	Frontal bossing, saddle nose, short maxilla, protuberant mandible
Ophthalmologic	Interstitial keratitis, chorioretinitis, secondary glaucoma, corneal scarring, optic atrophy
Ears	Sensorineural hearing loss
Oropharynx	Hutchinson teeth, mulberry molars, perforation of hard palate
Cutaneous	Rhagades, gummas
Central nervous system	Intellectual disability, arrested hydrocephalus, seizures, optic atrophy, juvenile general paresis
Skeletal	Saber shins (anterior bowing of the tibia), Higoumenakis sign (enlargement of the sternoclavicular portion of the clavicle), Clutton joints (painless arthritis), scaphoid scapula

Data from:

Ingall D, Sanchez PJ, Baker CH. Syphilis. In: Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn infant, 6th edition, Remington JS, Klein JO, Wilson CB, Baker CJ (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2006. p.545.
Dobson SR, Sanchez PJ. Syphilis. In: Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 7th, Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, et al. (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2014. p.1761.
Woods CR. Syphilis in children: congenital and acquired. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2005; 16:245.
Chakraborty R, Luck S. Syphilis is on the increase: the implications for child health. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93:105.

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