Dietary reference intakes for fat-soluble vitamins

Nutrient	Age group	RDA*/AI^¶	UL^Δ	Adverse effects of excess
Vitamin A
1 mcg retinol activity equivalent = 3.3 unit vitamin A		Micrograms daily	Micrograms daily	Ataxia, alopecia, hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxicity, bone and muscle pain; teratogenic
	Infants
	0 to 6 months	400^¶	600
	7 to 12 months	500^¶	600
	Children
	1 to 3 years	300	600
	4 to 8 years	400	900
	Males
	9 to 13 years	600	1700
	14 to 18 years	900	2800
	≥19 years	900	3000
	Females
	9 to 13 years	600	1700
	14 to 18 years	700	2800
	≥19 years	700	3000
	Pregnancy
	<18 years	750	2800
	≥19 years	770	3000
	Lactation
	<18 years	1200	2800
	≥19 years	1300	3000
Vitamin D
(calciferol) 1 mcg calciferol = 40 int. unit		Micrograms daily	Micrograms daily	Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, polydipsia, polyuria, confusion, anorexia, vomiting, bone demineralization
	Infants
	0 to 12 months	10 (400 int. unit)^¶	0 to 6 months: 25 (1000 int. unit)
	0 to 12 months	10 (400 int. unit)^¶	6 to 12 months: 37.5 (1500 int. unit)
	Children and adolescents
	1 to 18 years	15 (600 int. unit)	1 to 3 years: 62.5 (2500 int. unit)
			4 to 8 years: 75 (3000 int. unit)
			9 to 18 years: 100 (4000 int. unit)
	Males and females (including pregnancy and lactation)
	19 to 50 years	15 (600 int. unit)	100 (4000 int. unit)
	50 to 70 years	15	100
	>70 years	20 (800 int. unit)	100
Vitamin E
(alpha-tocopherol) 1 mg = 1.47 int. unit "natural source" vitamin E or 2.2 int. unit synthetic vitamin E		Milligrams daily	Milligrams daily	Increased risk of bleeding; possibly increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants
	Infants
	0 to 6 months	4^¶	ND
	7 to 12 months	5^¶	ND
	Children
	1 to 3 years	6	200
	4 to 8 years	7	300
	Males and females (including pregnancy)
	9 to 13 years	11	600
	14 to 18 years	15	800
	>18 years	15	1000
	Lactation
	≤18 years	19	800
	>19 years	19	1000
Vitamin K
		Micrograms daily	Micrograms daily	No adverse effects associated with vitamin K consumption from food or supplements have been reported; however, data are limited
	Infants
	0 to 6 months	2^¶	ND
	7 to 12 months	2.5^¶	ND
	Children
	1 to 3 years	30^¶	ND
	4 to 8 years	55^¶	ND
	Males
	9 to 13 years	60^¶	ND
	14 to 18 years	75^¶	ND
	>19 years	120^¶	ND
	Females (including pregnancy and lactation)
	9 to 13 years	60^¶	ND
	14 to 18 years	75^¶	ND
	>19 years	90^¶	ND

Vitamin A doses given as RAE. 1 RAE = 1 mcg retinol, 12 mcg beta-carotene, 14 mcg alpha-carotene, or 24 mcg beta-cryptoxanthin.

RDA: recommended dietary allowance; AI: adequate intake; UL: upper tolerable level; int. unit: international units; ND: not determined; RAE: retinol activity equivalents.
* Values in this column represent the RDA unless otherwise indicated. The RDA is the level of dietary intake that is sufficient to meet the daily nutrient requirements of 97% of the individuals in a specific life stage group.
¶ These values represent an AI. The AI represents an approximation of the average nutrient intake that sustains a defined nutritional state, based on observed or experimentally determined values in a defined population.
Δ The UL is the maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals in the specified life stage or gender group.

Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD (Eds), The National Academies Press, Washington, DC 2006. pp.530-541. Modified with permission from the National Academies Press, Copyright © 2006, National Academy of Sciences.
Sources: Dietary reference intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B₆, Folate, Vitamin B₁₂, Panthothenic acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary reference intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intake reports of the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (2010). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.

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Dietary reference intakes for fat-soluble vitamins