Epidemiologic and clinical features of common causes of acute viral gastroenteritis in children*

Virus	Predominant season	Incubation period	Common modes of transmission in order of frequency	Age	Duration	Possibility of transient lactose intolerance^¶	Other features
Rotavirus	Fall/winter in middle- to high-income countries with temperate climates Throughout the year in low- and middle-low-income countries with tropical climates	1 to 3 days	Fecal-oral Respiratory?	6 to 24 months	5 to 7 days	Yes	Causes severe childhood diarrhea Endemic; season broadened by mass immunization
Norovirus	All year (winter)	12 to 48 hours	Fecal-oral Water Shellfish Other foods Respiratory?	All ages	1 to 4 days	No	Vomiting may be the prominent symptom Causes most outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis Endemic and epidemic
Sapovirus	All year	1 to 2 days	Fecal-oral	Infants and toddlers	3 to 4 days		Endemic and epidemic
Astrovirus	Winter	4 to 5 days	Fecal-oral Water	All ages	5 to 6 days	Yes	Endemic and epidemic
Enteric adenovirus (types 40 and 41)	Summer	3 to 10 days	Fecal-oral	Children	6 to 9 days	Yes	Endemic

SARS-CoV-1: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2.

* Viruses that typically have extraintestinal manifestations (eg, coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus type B) also may cause gastroenteritis.

¶ It is not necessary to switch to lactose-free formula.

Data from:

Dennehy PH. Viral gastroenteritis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:63.
Lee RM, Lessler J, Lee RA, et al. Incubation periods of viral gastroenteritis: A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:446.
Public Health Agency of Canada. Adenovirus (serotypes 40 & 41). Available at: www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/adenovirus-eng.php (Accessed on August 5, 2015).

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Epidemiologic and clinical features of common causes of acute viral gastroenteritis in children*