Neonatal complications in infants born to mothers with diabetes mellitus

Condition	Frequency (%)
Perinatal mortality	0.5 to 2
Prematurity (<37 weeks gestation)	8 to 30
Perinatal asphyxia	1 to 3
Congenital abnormalities (any)	5 to 6
Congenital cardiac defects	2.5 to 4
Congenital CNS malformations	0.1 to 0.5
Other birth defects	1 to 2
Macrosomia/LGA	15 to 45
IUGR/SGA	2 to 8
RDS or TTN	5 to 15
Hypoglycemia	25 to 50
Hypocalcemia (usually asymptomatic)	5 to 30
Polycythemia (hematocrit >65%)	5 to 10
Hyperbilirubinemia	10 to 30
Ventricular hypertrophy (usually asymptomatic)	10 to 15

This table summarizes the relative frequencies of neonatal complications in infants born to mothers with diabetes (IMD). These risks vary depending upon whether the mother had pregestational or gestational DM (risk is generally higher with pregestational DM), whether the mother required insulin therapy (risk is generally higher with insulin-dependent DM), and the mother's glycemic control during pregnancy, particularly early pregnancy (risk is generally higher with poorly controlled DM). Refer to separate UpToDate content on pregestational and gestational DM and IMD for additional details.

IMD: infants of mothers with diabetes; CNS: central nervous system; LGA: large for gestational age; IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction; SGA: small for gestational age; RDS: respiratory distress syndrome; TTN: transient tachypnea of the newborn; DM: diabetes mellitus.

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Neonatal complications in infants born to mothers with diabetes mellitus