| DSM-5-TR requires that the following be present to diagnose a personality disorder: |
- An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas:
- Cognition (ie, ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events)
- Affectivity (ie, the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response)
- Interpersonal functioning
- Impulse control
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- The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations.
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- The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
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- The pattern is stable and of long duration and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood.
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- The enduring pattern is not better accounted for as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder.
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- The enduring pattern is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (eg, a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (eg, head trauma).
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