DiGeorge embryology

Migration of neural crest cells during embryonic development and contribution to structures affected in DiGeorge syndrome with or without chromosome 22q11.2 deletion patients. The migration pathway of neural crest cells (orange) from the hindbrain to the brachial arch/pharyngeal pouch system and cardiac outflow tract is indicated by the arrows. Examples of affected malformations associated with perturbations in this developmental sequence are denoted.