Etiology of upper extremity ischemia

Large artery disease

Atherosclerosis

Arterial injury

Arterial dissection

Thrombosed aneurysm

Atheroembolism

Thromboembolism

Arterial fibrodysplasia

Arterial tumor

Arteritis

Giant cell arteritis*

Takayasu's arteritis

Repetitive injury

Thoracic outlet syndrome (subclavian artery, often with cervical rib)

Crutch injury (axillary artery)

Small artery disease

Vasculitis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosis

Scleroderma

Sjögren's syndrome

Mixed connective tissue disease

Repetitive injury

Vibratory tool arterial injury

Hypothenar hammer syndrome

Drug-related

Vasopressors

Ergot toxicity

Vasospasm

Raynaud's syndrome

Buerger's disease

Etiology_of_upper_extremity_ischemia.htm

* An important cause of upper extremity arterial obstruction (as distinct from Takayasu's), especially in middle-aged women.

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