Version May 2024
| Condition | Underlying causes | Evaluation |
| Asthma | Bronchospasm Environmental triggers | Spirometry Chest radiography Allergy testing Trial of antiasthma medications |
| Protracted bacterial bronchitis | Haemophilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae Moraxella catarrhalis | Empiric treatment with antibiotics (two-week course or more) Bronchoscopy with cultures |
| Chronic suppurative lung disease/bronchiectasis, or recurrent pneumonia | Cystic fibrosis Ciliary dyskinesia Previous severe pneumonia Immunodeficiency Structural airway lesions Congenital lung lesions Missed foreign body TEF/H-fistula | Sweat test Bronchoscopy Cilia biopsy Immune workup HRCT chest Barium swallow Sputum cultures |
| Airway abnormality | Foreign body Tracheo-bronchomalacia Other intraluminal lesions (eg, tumors) Extrinsic compressive lesions | Chest radiography Bronchoscopy and lavage CT chest MRI chest |
| Aspiration | Neurologic abnormalities Weak cough reflex Neuromuscular disease Laryngeal abnormalities Adenotonsillar hypertrophy TEF/H-fistula Severe GERD | Barium swallow Bronchoscopy and lavage Video fluoroscopy pH monitor Lung milk scan/salivagram |
| Chronic or less common infections | Tuberculosis Nontuberculous mycobacteria Mycoses Parasites | Mantoux test Bronchoscopy and lavage HRCT chest Sputum cultures |
| Interstitial lung disease | Rheumatic diseases Cytotoxic drugs Drugs External beam radiation | Autoimmune markers HRCT chest Lung biopsy |
| Cardiac | Pulmonary hypertension Cardiac edema | Pediatric cardiology consultation Echocardiogram Cardiac catheterization |
| Other | Upper airway cough syndrome Post-pertussis cough
| Evaluate for sinusitis and chronic rhinitis PCR, culture and serology for Bordetella pertussis |
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