Incidence of shoulder dystocia by birth weight in pregnancies with and without maternal diabetes

Birth weight (g)	Shoulder dystocia in nondiabetic pregnancies (%)	Shoulder dystocia in diabetic pregnancies (%)
Less than 4000	0.1 to 1.1	0.6 to 3.7
4000 to 4499	1.1 to 10.0	4.9 to 23.1
4500 or more	2.7 to 22.6	20.0 to 50.0

Data from:

Acker DB, Sachs BP, Friedman EA. Risk factors for shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66:762.
Nesbitt TS, Gilbert WM, Herrchen B. Shoulder dystocia and associated risk factors with macrosomic infants born in California. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179:476.
Sandmire HF, O'Halloin TJ. Shoulder dystocia: its incidence and associated risk factors. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1988; 26:65.

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