General factors |
Low birth weight |
Racial/ethnic differences*[1] |
Gender – Male slightly greater than female[2] |
Climate – Higher risk in cold versus warm months |
Maternal and antenatal factors |
Smoking, illicit drugs |
Young, single parent, no high school degree |
Late or no prenatal care |
Poor gestational weight gain |
Pregnancy complications (placenta previa, abruption, premature rupture of membranes) |
Anemia |
Urinary tract infection, sexually transmitted disease |
Short interpregnancy interval |
Neonatal factors |
Prematurity |
Small for gestational age |
Twins |
Vital signs at birth – Not a risk |
Apnea of prematurity – Not a risk |
Post-neonatal factors |
Prone sleep position – At least twofold increased risk[1] |
Sleep environment – Bed-sharing, soft sleep surfaces, loose bedding accessories, overheating |
Recent gastrointestinal illness |
Listlessness |
Breastfeeding – Reduces risk |
Pacifier use – Reduces risk |
Recent upper respiratory infection – Not a risk |
Immunizations – Not a risk |
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