Causes of secondary hypertension in children and adolescents

• Pyelonephritis
• Kidney parenchymal disease
• Congenital anomalies
• Reflux nephropathy
• Acute glomerulonephritis
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Kidney trauma
• Hydronephrosis
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome
• Kidney stones
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Wilms tumor
• Hypoplastic kidney
• Polycystic kidney disease

Endocrine disease

• Hyperthyroidism
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Cushing syndrome
• Primary aldosteronism
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hypercalcemia
• Pheochromocytoma

Neurologic causes

• Increased intracranial pressure
• Guillain-Barré syndrome

• Mental stress
• Anxiety

Pharmacologic causes

• Sympathomimetics
• Corticosteroids
• Stimulants
• Oral contraceptives
• Anabolic steroids
• Cocaine
• Phencyclidine (PCP)
• Licorice
• Nicotine
• Caffeine

Vascular disease

• Renal artery abnormalities
• Renal vein thrombosis
• Coarctation of the aorta
• Patent ductus arteriosus
• Arteriovenous fistula

Other causes

• Neuroblastoma
• Heavy metal poisoning
• Acute pain
• Collagen vascular diseases
• Neurofibromatosis
• Tuberous sclerosis