Version May 2024
| Causes of transudative effusions | Comment |
| Processes that always cause a transudative effusion | |
| Atelectasis | Caused by increased intrapleural negative pressure |
| Cerebrospinal fluid leak into pleural space | Thoracic spinal surgery or trauma and ventriculopleural shunts |
| Heart failure | Acute diuresis can result in borderline exudative features |
| Hepatic hydrothorax | Rare without clinical ascites |
| Hypoalbuminemia | Edema liquid rarely isolated to pleural space |
| Iatrogenic | Misplaced intravenous catheter into the pleural space; post Fontan procedure |
| Nephrotic syndrome | Usually subpulmonic and bilateral |
| Peritoneal dialysis | Acute massive effusion develops within 48 hours of initiating dialysis |
| Urinothorax | Caused by ipsilateral obstructive uropathy or by iatrogenic or traumatic GU injury |
| Processes that may cause a transudative effusion, but usually cause an exudative effusion | |
| Amyloidosis | Often exudative due to disruption of pleural surfaces |
| Chylothorax | Most are exudative effusions |
| Constrictive pericarditis | Bilateral effusions |
| Hypothyroid pleural effusion | From hypothyroid heart disease or hypothyroidism per se |
| Malignancy | Usually exudative, but 3 to 10 percent transudative possibly due to early lymphatic obstruction, obstructive atelectasis, or concomitant disease (eg, heart failure) |
| Pulmonary embolism | Most are exudative effusions |
| Sarcoidosis | Stage II and III disease |
| Superior vena caval obstruction | May be due to acute systemic venous hypertension or acute blockage of thoracic lymph flow |
| Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Limited data profile the nature of pleural fluid in COVID-19-related pleural effusions, although transudative effusions have been reported |
| Nonexpandable lung* | A result of remote or chronic inflammation |
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