Costimulatory molecules in T cell activation and regulation

T cell molecule	Ligand	Functions
CD4	MHC class II	TCR coreceptor, adhesion, activation (associates with Lck tyrosine kinase)
CD8	MHC class I	TCR coreceptor, adhesion, activation (associates with Lck tyrosine kinase)
CD28	CD8O, CD86 (B7-1, B7-2)	Adhesion, major costimulatory pathway
CD2 (LFA-2)	CD58 (LFA-3)	Adhesion, activation
CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1)	CD54 (ICAM-1)	Adhesion
CD5	CD72	Adhesion, activation, maintenance of T and B regulatory cell homeostasis
CD27	CD70	Adhesion, activation
CD154 (CD40L)	CD40	Expressed on activated T cells, important stimulator of antigen-presenting cell function and B cell immunoglobulin class-switching
CD69	S1PR1	C type lectin, early T cell activation marker, triggers calcium-mediated activation
CD134 (OX40)	OX40 ligand	Adhesion, activation
ICOS	ICOS-L	Generation of T follicular helper cells
CD25 (IL-2R)	IL-2	Enables proliferation of activated T cells
CTLA-4	CD80, CD86 (B7-1, B7-2)	Downregulates T cell activation
CD279 (PD-1)	PD-L1, PD-L2	Downregulates T cell activation

CD: cluster of differentiation; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; TCR: T cell receptor; B7: B-lymphocyte activation antigen; LFA: leukocyte-function antigen; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; S1PR1: sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1; OX40: tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (TNFRSF4) or CD134; ICOS: inducible T cell costimulatory; IL-2R: interleukin 2 receptor; CTLA: cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated; PD: programmed death.

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Costimulatory molecules in T cell activation and regulation