Nonimmune causes |
Hereditary |
Enzyme deficiencies (deficiencies of G6PD, pyruvate kinase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, 5' nucleotidase) |
Hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell disease, thalassemias, unstable hemoglobins) |
Membrane disorders (hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, hereditary stomatocytosis) |
Acquired |
Liver disease |
Hypersplenism |
Infections (Bartonella, clostridial sepsis, malaria, babesiosis) |
Oxidant agents (dapsone, nitrites, aniline dyes) |
Toxins (lead, copper, snake and spider bites) |
Infusion of a hypotonic solution |
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (TTP, HUS, complement-mediated TMA, drug-induced TMA, aortic stenosis, prosthetic valve leak) |
Immune causes |
Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (warm AIHA) |
Drug-induced immune hemolysis |
Hemolytic transfusion reactions (ABO incompatibility, alloantibodies) |
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) |
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) |
Cold agglutinin disease |
Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) or anti-RhD immune globulin |
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