Bitot spot caused by vitamin A deficiency

Bitot spot (areas of abnormal squamous cell proliferation and keratinization of the conjunctiva) caused by vitamin A deficiency. This picture was taken in Lebanon and used as a clinical standard for examiners in international nutrition surveys.

Reproduced from: Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense (1963). Manual for Nutrition Surveys 2nd ed. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, NIH, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC 1963.

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Bitot spot caused by vitamin A deficiency