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Developmental-behavioral diagnoses associated with expressive language delay in young children

Developmental-behavioral diagnoses associated with expressive language delay in young children
Functional diagnosis Approximate prevalence
Developmental language delay (expressive, receptive, or mixed)

Preschool children: 10%

Low-income children: As high as 30%
Specific language impairment (expressive, receptive, or mixed) School-age children: 6%
Speech sound disorder/phonologic disorder (articulation disorder)

Children <5 years: 8 to 9%

Children in first grade: 5%
Fluency disorders/stuttering

Preschool children: 4 to 5%

School-age and older children: 1%
Autism spectrum disorders Approximately 2.3% (1 in 44)
Global developmental delay/intellectual disability 1.5 to 3%
Selective mutism (an anxiety disorder) 0.7%
Verbal apraxia 0.1 to 0.2%
References:
  1. Horwitz SM, Irwin JR, Briggs-Gowan MJ, et al. Language delay in a community cohort of young children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42:932.
  2. Tomblin JB, Records NL, Buckwalter P, et al. Prevalence of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. J Speech Lang Hear Res 1997; 40:1245.
  3. Statistics on voice, speech, and language. www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/statistics/vsl/Pages/stats.aspx. (Accessed June 17, 2013).
  4. McLeod S, Harrison LJ. Epidemiology of speech and language impairment in a nationally representative sample of 4- to 5-year-old children. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2009; 52:1213.
  5. Ward D. The aetiology and treatment of developmental stammering in childhood. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93:68.
  6. Craig A, Hancock K, Tran Y, et al. Epidemiology of stuttering in the community across the entire life span. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2002; 45:1097.
  7. Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Bakian AV, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 2021; 70:1.
  8. Yeargin-Allsopp M, Boyle C. Overview: the epidemiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2002; 8:113.
  9. Bergman RL, Piacentini J, McCracken JT. Prevalence and description of selective mutism in a school-based sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41:938.
  10. Shriberg LD, Aram DM, Kwiatkowski J. Developmental apraxia of speech: I. Descriptive and theoretical perspectives. J Speech Lang Hear Res 1997; 40:273.
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