Acute myocardial infarction |
Pump failure |
Large infarction, generally involving ≥40 percent of the left ventricle |
Smaller infarction with preexisting left ventricular dysfunction or a prior infarction |
Infarction extension or expansion |
Reinfarction |
Mechanical complications |
Acute mitral regurgitation caused by rupture of a papillary muscle or chordae tendinae or severe papillary muscle dysfunction |
Ventricular septal defect caused by rupture of the interventricular septum |
Left ventricular free wall rupture |
Pericardial tamponade due to rupture of the left ventricular free wall or hemorrhagic pericardial effusion |
Right ventricular infarction |
Other conditions |
End-stage cardiomyopathy |
Myocarditis |
Septic shock with severe myocardial depression |
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction |
Aortic stenosis |
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy |
Obstruction to left ventricular filling |
Mitral stenosis |
Left atrial myxoma |
Toxicity causing severe myocardial depression (eg, beta blocker, calcium channel blocker, or clonidine overdose) |
Dysrhythmia |
Acute mitral regurgitation (chordal rupture) |
Acute aortic insufficiency (eg, aortic dissection) |
Myocardial contusion |
Prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass |
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