| Trauma |
| Hemopericardium with tamponade* |
| Blunt cardiac injury |
| Myocardial contusion |
| Traumatic aneurysm |
| Traumatic septal defect |
| Chamber rupture |
| Valvular rupture |
| Tension pneumothorax* |
| Tension pneumopericardium* |
| Congenital heart disease |
| Critical aortic stenosis* |
| Critical coarctation of the aorta* |
| Mitral stenosis* |
| Mitral atresia* |
| Interrupted aortic arch* |
| Hypoplastic left heart* |
| Pulmonary hypotension |
| Severe heart failure secondary to congenital heart disease |
| Postoperative cardiac surgery |
| Dysrhythmias |
| Supraventricular tachycardia |
| Ventricular tachycardia |
| Atrioventricular block |
| Junctional ectopic tachycardia |
| Bradycardia |
| Massive pulmonary embolus* |
| Drug toxicity |
| Beta blockers |
| Barbiturates |
| Chemotherapeutic agents |
| Calcium channel blockers |
| Radiation |
