Trauma |
- Clavicular fracture*
- Epidural hematoma of the cervical spine¶
- Fracture of the cervical spine¶
- Muscular contusion or neck spasm*
- SCIWORA syndrome¶
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage¶
- Subluxation of the cervical spine¶
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Infectious or inflammatory |
- Bacterial meningitis¶
- Branchial cleft or thyroglossal duct cyst abscess
- Cervical lymphadenitis*
- Collagen vascular disease (eg, systemic JIA, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis)
- Infections of the spine – Vertebral osteomyelitis, infectious discitis, epidural abscess¶
- Intervertebral disc calcification
- Kawasaki disease with cervical lymphadenopathy
- Lyme meningitis
- Muscle strain*
- Otitis media and mastoiditis
- Pharyngitis or tonsillitis*
- Retropharyngeal abscess¶
- Rotary atlantoaxial subluxation as a result of local inflammation or procedure (Grisel syndrome)
- Upper lobe pneumonia
- Viral meningitis
- Viral myositis
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Tumors, other space-occupying and vascular lesions of the central nervous system |
- Brain tumor¶
- Other space-occupying lesions of the spinal cord (neurenteric cyst, arteriovenous malformation, syringomyelia)¶
- Other tumors of the head and neck (osteoid osteoma, eosinophilic granuloma, orbital tumor, acoustic neuroma, osteoblastoma, metastatic tumor to the spine, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, bone cyst)¶
- Spinal cord tumor¶
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (aneurysm rupture-congenital, sickle cell disease)¶
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Congenital conditions |
- Atlantoaxial instability secondary to congenital conditions (Down syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, os odontoideum, Morquio syndrome)
- Benign paroxysmal torticollis
- Congenital muscular torticollis*
- Skeletal malformations (Klippel-Feil syndrome, Sprengel deformity, hemiatlas, basilar impression, occipitocervical synostosis)
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Miscellaneous |
- Dystonic reaction
- Guillain-Barre syndrome
- Myasthenia gravis
- Ophthalmologic, neurologic, and/or vestibular causes (strabismus, cranial nerve palsies, extraocular muscle palsies, refractive errors, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, migraine headaches)
- Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
- Psychogenic
- Sandifer syndrome
- Spasmus nutans
- Spontaneous pneumomediastinum
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