Version June 2024
| Trauma |
| Clavicular fracture* |
| Epidural hematoma of the cervical spine¶ |
| Fracture of the cervical spine¶ |
| Muscular contusion or neck spasm* |
| SCIWORA syndrome¶ |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage¶ |
| Subluxation of the cervical spine¶ |
| Infectious or inflammatory |
| Bacterial meningitis¶ |
| Branchial cleft or thyroglossal duct cyst abscess |
| Cervical lymphadenitis* |
| Collagen vascular disease (eg, systemic JIA, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis) |
| Infections of the spine – Vertebral osteomyelitis, infectious discitis, epidural abscess¶ |
| Intervertebral disc calcification |
| Kawasaki disease with cervical lymphadenopathy |
| Lyme meningitis |
| Muscle strain* |
| Otitis media and mastoiditis |
| Pharyngitis or tonsillitis* |
| Retropharyngeal abscess¶ |
| Rotary atlantoaxial subluxation as a result of local inflammation or procedure (Grisel syndrome) |
| Upper lobe pneumonia |
| Viral meningitis* |
| Viral myositis |
| Tumors, other space-occupying and vascular lesions of the central nervous system |
| Brain tumor¶ |
| Other space-occupying lesions of the spinal cord (neurenteric cyst, arteriovenous malformation, syringomyelia)¶ |
| Other tumors of the head and neck (osteoid osteoma, eosinophilic granuloma, orbital tumor, acoustic neuroma, osteoblastoma, metastatic tumor to the spine, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, bone cyst)¶ |
| Spinal cord tumor¶ |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage (aneurysm rupture-congenital, sickle cell disease)¶ |
| Congenital conditions |
| Atlantoaxial instability secondary to congenital conditions (Down syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, os odontoideum, Morquio syndrome) |
| Benign paroxysmal torticollis |
| Congenital muscular torticollis* |
| Skeletal malformations (Klippel-Feil syndrome, Sprengel deformity, hemiatlas, basilar impression, occipitocervical synostosis) |
| Miscellaneous |
| Dystonic reaction |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome |
| Myasthenia gravis |
| Ophthalmologic, neurologic, and/or vestibular causes (strabismus, cranial nerve palsies, extraocular muscle palsies, refractive errors, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, migraine headaches) |
| Idiopathic intracranial hypertension |
| Psychogenic |
| Sandifer syndrome |
| Spasmus nutans |
| Spontaneous pneumomediastinum |
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