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خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
نسخه الکترونیک
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Causes of hypercalcemia

Causes of hypercalcemia
Parathyroid mediated
Primary hyperparathyroidism (sporadic)
Inherited variants
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes
Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (kidney failure)
Non-parathyroid mediated
Hypercalcemia of malignancy
Secretion of PTHrP
Increased calcitriol (activation of extrarenal 1-alpha-hydroxylase)
Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines
Vitamin D intoxication
Chronic granulomatous disorders or other illnesses characterized by granuloma formation
Increased calcitriol (activation of extrarenal 1-alpha-hydroxylase)
Medications
Thiazide diuretics
Lithium
Teriparatide
Abaloparatide
Excessive vitamin A
Theophylline toxicity
Miscellaneous
Hyperthyroidism
Acromegaly
Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal insufficiency
Immobilization
Parenteral nutrition
Milk-alkali syndrome
PTHrP: PTH-related peptide.
Adapted from: Khairallah W, Fawaz A, Brown EM, et al. Hypercalcemia and diabetes insipidus in a patient previously treated with lithium. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007; 3:397.
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