Version June 2024
| abulia: loss of initiative, willpower, or drive |
| acalculia: inability to calculate |
| agnosia: inability to recognize one or more classes of environmental stimuli, even though the necessary intellectual and perceptual functions are intact |
| agraphia: inability to write |
| alexia: inability to read for comprehension |
| amnesia: inability to retain new information |
| anomia: inability to name objects or think of words; in practice, often used as a synonym for dysnomia |
| anosognosia: inability to recognize one's own impairment |
| anterior aphasia: acquired language disorder in which verbal output is nonfluent |
| aphasia: literally, a complete loss of language function, but in practice, used as a synonym for dysphasia |
| aphemia: complete loss of the ability to speak, but retained comprehension and writing ability |
| apraxia: inability to perform a previously learned set of coordinated movements even though the necessary component skills (including intellect, language function, strength, coordination, and sensation) remain intact |
| Broca's aphasia: acquired language disorder characterized by nonfluent verbal output with omission of relational words (prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and minor modifiers) and abnormal prosody, impaired repetition, and relatively intact comprehension |
| conduction aphasia: acquired language disorder characterized by prominent impairment of repetition, relatively intact comprehension, and verbal output that is fluent but contains literal paraphasias |
| delirium: an acute confusional state characterized by clouded, reduced, or shifting attention, often associated with sensory misperception or disturbed thinking |
| dementia: acquired impairment of memory and at least one other cognitive function, without clouding of the sensorium or underlying psychiatric disease |
| dysnomia: difficulty naming objects or finding the desired words |
| dysphasia: acquired disorder of language not due to generalized intellectual impairment or psychiatric disturbance |
| expressive aphasia: acquired language disorder in which verbal output is nonfluent |
| fluent: an adjective used to describe verbal output that is normal to excessive, easily produced, with normal phrase length (five or more words) and normal prosody |
| fluent aphasia: acquired language disorder in which verbal output is fluent |
| Gerstmann's syndrome: the constellation of (1) agraphia, (2) acalculia, (3) right-left confusion, and (4) finger agnosia; classically associated with lesions in the angular gyrus of the dominant hemisphere (but the subject of endless debate) |
| jargon: verbal output that contains so many literal paraphasias that the words are unrecognizable |
| nonfluent: an adjective used to describe verbal output that is sparse, with only one to four words per phrase |
| nonfluent aphasia: acquired language disorder in which verbal output is nonfluent |
| paraphasia: a substitution error in which the word produced is similar in sound or meaning to the intended word. A literal or phonemic paraphasia is a sound substitution error resulting in production of a word that is phonemically related to the intended word (eg, "greed" or "greeb" instead of "green"). A semantic or verbal paraphasia is a word substitution error in which the word produced is semantically related to the intended word (eg, "blue" instead of "green") |
| posterior aphasia: acquired language disorder in which comprehension is impaired |
| prosody: the rhythm and tempo of speech |
| prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces |
| receptive aphasia: acquired language disorder in which comprehension is impaired |
| transcortical aphasia: acquired language disorder in which the ability to repeat is intact |
| Wernicke's aphasia: acquired language disorder characterized by markedly impaired comprehension and repetition, with verbal output that is fluent but contaminated by numerous paraphasias or, in severe cases, jargon |
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