Phases of perinatally acquired hepatitis B virus infection

ALT: alanine aminotrasferase; HBV: hepatitis B virus; IU: international units; HBsAg: hepatitis B s antigen; HBsAb: hepatitis B s antibody; HBeAg: hepatitis B e antigen; HBeAb: hepatitis B e antibody; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; AFP: alpha fetoprotein.
* All patients with HBV infection should have baseline assessment for risk of HCC and follow-up monitoring. We generally monitor AFP and liver ultrasound every 12 months beginning in late childhood. For patients with elevated AFP, cirrhosis, or a family history of hepatocellular carcinoma, we begin monitoring earlier and monitor more closely.