Predisposing or precipitating factors for diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

DKA	HHS
Inadequate insulin treatment or noncompliance	Inadequate insulin treatment or noncompliance (21 to 41%)
New-onset diabetes (20 to 25%)	Acute illness
Acute illness	Infection (32 to 60%)
Infection (30 to 40%)	Pneumonia
Stroke or transient ischemic attack	Urinary tract infection
Myocardial infarction	Sepsis
Acute pancreatitis	Stroke or transient ischemic attack
Drugs/therapy	Myocardial infarction
Clozapine or olanzapine	Acute pancreatitis
Cocaine	Acute pulmonary embolus
Lithium	Intestinal obstruction
SGLT2 inhibitors	Dialysis, peritoneal
Terbutaline	Mesenteric thrombosis
	Kidney failure
	Heat stroke
	Hypothermia
	Subdural hematoma
	Severe burns
	Endocrine
	Acromegaly
	Thyrotoxicosis
	Cushing's syndrome
	Drugs/therapy
	Beta-adrenergic blockers
	Calcium-channel blockers
	Chlorpromazine
	Chlorthalidone
	Cimetidine
	Clozepine
	Diazoxide
	Ethacrynic acid
	Immunosuppressive agents
	L-asparaginase
	Loxapine
	Olanzapine
	Phenytoin
	Propranolol
	Steroids
	Thiazide diuretics
	Total parenteral nutrition
	Previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus

The most common precipitating factors for DKA are infection (30 to 40%) and new-onset diabetes (20 to 25%), and the most common precipitating factors for HHS are inadequate insulin treatment or noncompliance (21 to 41%) and infection (32 to 60%).

DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis; HHS: hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state; SGLT2: sodium-glucose co-transporter 2.

Data from: Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes mellitus (Technical Review). Diabetes Care 2001; 24:131.

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خرید پکیج

Predisposing or precipitating factors for diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state