Frequency of birth trauma related to mode of delivery cases per 10,000 births

Trauma	Spontaneous birth	Vacuum assisted	Forceps assisted	Cesarean no labor	Cesarean with labor
Subdural or cerebral hemorrhage	2.9	8.0	9.8	4.1	7.4
Intraventricular hemorrhage	1.1	1.5	2.6	0.8	2.5
Subarachnoid hemorrhage	1.3	2.2	3.3	0.0	1.2
Facial nerve injury	3.3	4.6	45.4	4.9	3.1
Brachial plexus injury	7.7	17.6	25.0	4.1	1.8
Convulsions	6.4	11.7	9.8	8.6	21.3
CNS depression	3.1	9.2	5.2	6.7	9.6
Feeding difficulty	68.5	72.1	74.6	106.3	117.2
Mechanical ventilation	25.8	39.1	45.4	71.3	103.2

CNS: central nervous system.

Data from: Towner D, Castro MA, Eby-Wilkens E, et al. Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1709.

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Frequency of birth trauma related to mode of delivery cases per 10,000 births