Reverse osmosis for water purification for hemodialysis

Schematic representation of reverse osmosis in which feed water, which is pumped, flows parallel to the membrane. High pressure on the feed side of the membrane forces water across the membrane to form the product water. Ions and other contaminants, which are rejected by the membrane, accumulate in the remaining feed water and leave the membrane module as reject water. Locations of gauges and meters for the on-line measurement of pressure, flow rate, conductivity and temperature, and sampling points for off-line measurements of contaminants are shown. The data obtained with these gauges and meters are used to monitor the performance of the reverse osmosis system.