Common congenital abnormalities in infants of mothers with diabetes

System	Types of malformations
Cardiovascular	Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus Transposition of the great vessels Coarctation of the aorta Hypoplastic left heart syndrome and other single ventricle defects Double outlet right ventricle Truncus arteriosus Pulmonic stenosis
Neurologic	Myelomeningocele (spina bifida) Anencephaly Other neural tube defects, including closed spinal dysraphism and caudal regression syndrome Encephalocele Holoprosencephaly Microcephaly
Gastrointestinal	Duodenal atresia Imperforate anus Anorectal atresia Small left colon syndrome Situs inversus
Genitourinary	Hydronephrosis Ureteral duplication Renal agenesis
Skeletal	Vertebral abnormalities Flexion contracture of the limbs
Other	Cleft palate Single umbilical artery

This table summarizes some of the more common congenital abnormalities reported in infants born to mothers with pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus. The overall risk for major congenital malformations among IMD is approximately 5 to 6%; the risk is highest among IMD whose mothers require insulin therapy. This is not a comprehensive list. Refer to UpToDate's topics on pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus and IMD for further details.

IMD: infants of mothers with diabetes.

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Common congenital abnormalities in infants of mothers with diabetes