Essential features of the toll-like receptors

Receptor	Ligands	Cell expression	Signaling intermediates	Products
TLR1 + TLR2	Triacyl lipopeptide (Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria), Neisseria porins, Borrelia burgdorferi OspA	M/M, MDC	TIRAP, MyD88	IC
TLR2 + TLR6	Diacyl lipopeptide	M/M, MC	TIRAP, MyD88	IC
TLR3	dsRNA (viruses)	B, T, NK	TRIF	IC, type 1 IFN
TLR4	LPS (Gram-negative bacteria), RSV fusion protein, Chlamydia hsp60, extracellular matrix	M/M, MDC, MC	TRAM, TRIF or TIRAP, MyD88	IC, type 1 IFN
TLR5	Flagellin (bacteria)	M/M, MDC	MyD88	IC
TLR7	ssRNA (viruses), imidazoquinolines	M/M, MDC, PDC, B	MyD88	IC, type 1 IFN
TLR8	ssRNA (viruses), imidazoquinolines	M/M, MDC, MC	MyD88	IC, type 1 IFN
TLR9	CpG DNA (bacteria)	M/M, PDC, B, T	MyD88	IC, type 1 IFN
TLR10	(unknown)	M/M, B	MyD88

TLR: toll-like receptor; OspA: outer surface protein A; M/M: macrophage/monocyte; MDC: myeloid dendritic cell; TIRAP: toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adapter protein; MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88; IC: inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12); MC: mast cell; dsRNA: double-stranded RNA; B: B cell; T: T cell; NK: natural killer cell; TRIF: TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-beta (IFN-beta); IFN: interferon; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; hsp60: heat shock protein 60; TRAM: TRIF-related adapter molecule; ssRNA: single-stranded RNA; PDC: plasmacytoid dendritic cell; CpG DNA: cytosine guanine dinucleotide motifs (in bacterial DNA).

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Essential features of the toll-like receptors