Etiology and frequency of esophageal perforation

Etiology of esophageal perforation	Frequency (percent)
Iatrogenic	59
Spontaneous	15
Foreign body ingestion	12
Trauma	9
Operative injury	2
Malignancy	1
Other	2

This table depicts the causes of esophageal perforation.

Data from: Brinster CJ, Singhal S, Lee L, et al. Evolving options in the management of esophageal perforation. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77:1475.

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