Version May 2024
| Traumatic or direct muscle injury |
| Crush syndrome |
| Prolonged immobilization (eg, coma, sedation) |
| Compression of blood vessels (eg, tourniquets) |
| Surgery with prolonged immobilization or vascular occlusion |
| Compartment syndrome |
| Electrical injury |
| Burn injury |
| Physical restraint |
| Nontraumatic |
| Exertional |
| Normal muscle |
| Prolonged, strenuous, and/or unaccustomed exertion |
| Eccentric exercise |
| Environmental heat illness |
| Impaired heat loss due to reduced sweating |
| Hyperkinetic states (eg, convulsive seizures, delirium tremens, psychotic agitation) |
| Sickle cell trait |
| Abnormal muscle |
| Metabolic myopathies |
| Pseudometabolic myopathies* |
| Mitochondrial myopathies |
| Malignant hyperthermia |
| Neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
| Nonexertional |
| Alcoholism |
| Drugs, including prescription medications (eg, statins) and illicit substances (eg, cocaine, amphetamines, heroin) |
| Toxins (eg, carbon monoxide) |
| Infections (eg, influenza virus, HIV, COVID-19, Legionella species) |
| Electrolyte abnormalities (especially hypokalemia) |
| Endocrinopathies |
| Inflammatory myopathies |
| Miscellaneous |
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