Causes of syncope in children and adolescents

Primary cardiac electrical disturbances

Long QT syndrome*

Brugada syndrome*

Familial catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia*

Short QT syndrome*

Preexcitation syndromes (such as Wolff-Parkinson-White)*

Bradyarrhythmias (complete atrioventricular block, sinus node dysfunction)*

Structural cardiac abnormalities

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy*

Coronary artery anomalies*

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy*

Valvar aortic stenosis*

Dilated cardiomyopathy*

Pulmonary hypertension*

Acute myocarditis*

Congenital heart disease*

Heat illness*

Anaphylaxis*

Vasovagal (neurocardiogenic) syndrome, including situational syncope (eg, cough, micturition, hair combing, blood draw, intramuscular injection, or emotional stress)^¶

Breath-holding spell^¶

Orthostatic hypotension due to volume depletion (hemorrhage, dehydration, pregnancy, anorexia nervosa)^¶

Drug effects or toxic exposure (eg, clonidine, typical antipsychotic agents, carbon monoxide, ethanol intoxication)*^¶

Hypoglycemia*

Conditions that mimic syncope

Seizure

Migraine syndromes

Somatization or conversion disorder

Hyperventilation

Intentional strangulation (eg, the "choking game")

Narcolepsy

* Potentially life-threatening causes.

¶ Common causes.

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Causes of syncope in children and adolescents