Version June 2024
| Focal clonic |
| Repetitive, rhythmic contracts of muscle groups of the limbs, face or trunk |
| May be unifocal or multifocal |
| May occur synchronously or asynchronously in muscle groups on one side of the body |
| May occur simultaneously, but asynchronously on both sides |
| Cannot be suppressed by restraint |
| Pathophysiology: epileptic |
| Focal tonic |
| Sustained posturing of single limbs |
| Sustained asymmetrical posturing of the trunk |
| Sustained eye deviation |
| Cannot be provoked by stimulation or suppressed by restraint |
| Pathophysiology: epileptic |
| Generalized tonic |
| Sustained symmetrical posturing of limbs, trunk and neck |
| May be flexor, extensor or mixed extensor/flexor |
| May be provoked or intensified by stimulation |
| May be suppressed by restraint or repositioning |
| Presumed pathophysiology: nonepileptic |
| Myoclonic |
| Random, single, rapid contractions of muscle groups of the limbs, face or trunk |
| Typically not repetitive or may recur at a slow rate |
| May be generalized, focal or fragmentary |
| May be provoked by stimulation |
| Presumed pathophysiology: may be epileptic or nonepileptic |
| Spasms |
| May be flexor, extensor, or mixed extensor/flexor |
| May occur in clusters |
| Cannot be provoked by stimulation or suppressed by restraint |
| Pathophysiology: Epileptic |
| Motor Automatisms |
| Described in table "Motor automatisms" |
| Sequential seizure |
| Variety of clinical signs occur in sequence with an individual seizure |
| May change in lateralization within or between seizures |
| Presumed pathophysiology: Genetic neonatal epilepsy |
Adapted from: Mizrahi EM, Kellaway P. Diagnosis and Management of Neonatal Seizures. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 1998.
Additional data from:
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