Version May 2024
| Clinical characteristics | |
| Age of onset | Infancy: birth to 2 years |
| Childhood: 3 to 12 years | |
| Adolescence: 13 to 20 years | |
| Early adulthood: 21 to 40 years | |
| Late adulthood: >40 years | |
| Body distribution | Focal: involving a single body region |
| Segmental: involving two or more contiguous body regions | |
| Multifocal: involving two noncontiguous or more (noncontiguous or not) body regions | |
| Generalized: involving the trunk and at least two other sites | |
| Hemidystonia: involving more regions restricted to one body side | |
| Temporal pattern | Disease course: |
| Static | |
| Progressive | |
| Variability: | |
| Persistent: dystonia that persists to approximately the same extent throughout the day | |
| Action-specific: dystonia that occurs only during a particular activity or task | |
| Diurnal: dystonia fluctuates during the day, with recognizable circadian variations in occurrence, severity, and phenomenology | |
| Paroxysmal: sudden self-limited episodes of dystonia usually induced by a trigger with return to preexisting neurologic state | |
| Associated features | Isolated or combined with another movement disorder: |
| Isolated: dystonia is the only motor feature, with the exception of tremor | |
| Combined: dystonia is combined with other movement disorders (such as myoclonus, parkinsonism, etc) | |
| Occurrence of other neurologic or systemic manifestations | |
| Etiology | |
| Nervous system pathology | Evidence of degeneration (progressive structural abnormality, such as neuronal loss) |
| Evidence of structural (often static) lesions | |
| No evidence of degeneration or structural lesion | |
| Inherited or acquired | Inherited (dystonia forms of proven genetic origin): |
| Autosomal dominant | |
| Autosomal recessive | |
| X-linked recessive | |
| Mitochondrial | |
| Acquired (dystonia due to a known specific cause): | |
| Cerebrovascular (infarction or hemorrhage) | |
| Perinatal brain injury | |
| Traumatic brain injury | |
| Infection | |
| Drug | |
| Toxic | |
| Neoplastic | |
| Psychogenic | |
| Idiopathic (unknown cause) | Sporadic |
| Familial | |
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