Version June 2024
| Cause | Infants and young children | Older children and adolescents |
| Gastrointestinal infections | Viruses* Bacteria* Parasites | Viruses* Bacteria* Parasites |
| Nongastrointestinal infections (parenteral diarrhea) | Otitis media* Urinary tract infections* Other systemic infections | Systemic infections Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome¶ |
| Dietary disturbances | Functional diarrhea (eg, excess fructose and/or sorbitol intake [fruit juices])/overfeeding* Food allergy* Starvation stools* | Starvation stools*
|
| Anatomic abnormalities | Intussusception¶ Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (±toxic megacolon¶) Partial bowel obstruction¶ Blind loop syndrome (also in patients with dysmotility) Intestinal lymphangiectasis Short gut syndrome | Appendicitis¶ Partial obstruction¶ Blind loop syndrome |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | Early onset inflammatory bowel disease (rare, monogenic) | Ulcerative colitis (±toxic megacolon¶) Crohn disease (±toxic megacolon¶) |
| Malabsorption or increased secretion | Cystic fibrosis Celiac disease Disaccharidase deficiency (eg, lactase deficiency due to infectious diarrhea)* Acrodermatitis enteropathica Congenital secretory diarrhea | Celiac disease Disaccharidase deficiency (primary or secondary)* Acrodermatitis enteropathica Neuroendocrine secretory tumors |
| Immunodeficiency | Severe combined immunodeficiencies and other genetic disorders HIV infection | HIV infection |
| Endocrinopathy | Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | Hyperthyroidism Hypoparathyroidism |
| Miscellaneous | Antibiotic-associated diarrhea* Clostridioides difficile colitis (±pseudomembranous colitis¶) ToxinsΔ Hemolytic uremic syndrome¶ Neonatal drug withdrawal | Antibiotic-associated diarrhea* C. difficile colitis (±pseudomembranous colitis¶) ToxinsΔ Irritable bowel syndrome* Psychogenic disturbances* |
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