Pathophysiology of neuromuscular respiratory failure

	Inadequate ventilation	Hypoxemia	Ineffective cough	Risk for aspiration
Inspiratory muscle weakness*	X	X	X
Expiratory muscle weakness^¶			X
Upper airway muscle weakness^Δ			X	X

* Inspiratory muscles: diaphgragm, external intercostals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoids, trapezii.
¶ Expiratory muscles: abdominals (internal and external oblique, rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus), internal intercostals.
Δ Upper airway muscles: abductors and adductors (pharyngeal, laryngeal).

Graphic 58563 Version 3.0

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Pathophysiology of neuromuscular respiratory failure