Reflex | Description | Age at appearance | Age at resolution |
Moro (startle) | The examiner holds the infant supine in their arms, then drops the infant's head slightly but suddenly. This leads to the infant extending and abducting the arms, with the palms open, and sometimes crying. Alternatively, the examiner may lift the infant's head off the bed by 1 to 2 inches and allow it to gently drop back; this maneuver elicits a similar response. | 34 to 36 weeks PCA | 5 to 6 months |
Asymmetric tonic neck reflex | With the infant relaxed and lying supine, the examiner rotates the head to one side. The infant extends the leg or arm on the side towards which the head has been turned while flexing the arm on the contralateral side (fencing posture). | 38 to 40 weeks PCA | 1 to 3 months |
Trunk incurvation (Galant) | With the infant in a prone position, the examiner strokes or taps along the side of the spine. The infant twitches their hips toward the side of the stimulus. | 38 to 40 weeks PCA | 6 months |
Palmar grasp | The examiner places a finger in the infant's open palm. The infant closes their hand around the finger, tightens the grip if the examiner attempts to withdraw the finger. | 38 to 40 weeks PCA | 5 to 6 months |
Plantar grasp | The examiner places a finger under the infant's toes. The infant flexes the toes downwards to "grasp" the finger. | 38 to 40 weeks PCA | 9 to 10 months |
Rooting | The examiner strokes the infant's cheek. The infant turns the head toward the side that is stroked and makes sucking motions. | 38 to 40 weeks PCA | 2 to 3 months |
Stepping reflex | The infant is held upright and the plantar aspect of the foot and hallux is stimulated by light placing on a surface to reflexively produce a stepping gait. | 38 to 40 weeks PCA | 2 to 3 months |
Parachute | The infant is held upright, back to the examiner. The body is rotated quickly forward (as if falling). The infant reflexively extends the upper extremities towards the ground as if to break a fall. | 8 to 9 months of age | Persists throughout life |
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