Comparison of commonly infiltrated local anesthetics

Infiltration anesthetic	Concentration (percent)	Physiochemical properties				Maximum allowable dose*		Maximum total dose*
Infiltration anesthetic	Concentration (percent)	Lipid:water solubility	Relative potency	Onset of action (minutes)	Duration (minutes)	mg/kg	mL/kg	mg (equivalent solution volume)
Lidocaine 1%
Without epinephrine	1	2.9	2	2 to 5	50 to 120	4 to 5	0.4 to 0.5	300 (30 mL of 1%)
With epinephrine (1:200,000)	1	2.9	2	2 to 5	60 to 180	5 to 7	0.5 to 0.7	500 (50 mL of 1%)
Mepivacaine 1%
Without epinephrine	1	0.8	2	2 to 5	50 to 120	5	0.5	300 (30 mL of 1%)
With epinephrine^¶ (1:200,000)	1	0.8	2	2 to 5	60 to 180	5 to 7	0.5 to 0.7	500 (50 mL of 1%)
Bupivacaine 0.25%
Without epinephrine	0.25	27.5	8	5 to 10	240 to 480	2 to 2.5	0.8	175 (70 mL of 0.25%)
With epinephrine (1:200,000)	0.25	27.5	8	5 to 10	240 to 480	3	1.2	225 (90 mL of 0.25%)
Procaine 1%^Δ
Without epinephrine	1	0.6	1	5 to 10	60 to 90	7 to 10	0.7 to 1	500 (50 mL of 1%)

* Maximum total dose for intradermal-subcutaneous infiltration anesthesia may vary according to site of administration and concomitant use of vasoconstrictors. The maximum dosing values in this table are at the lower end of what many experts regard as safe. Lower doses and concentrations than what are listed are generally used for children, debilitated patients, or those with cardiac disease. Note that preparations of infiltrated local anesthetics are available in concentrations other than those shown in table. Maximum allowable and maximum total volumes shown apply only to the specific concentration of the preparation in table. Toxicity may occur with doses within the suggested range, especially with inadvertent vascular injection.
¶ Not commercially available, provider must mix.
Δ Not commercially available in the United States or Canada.

Data from:

McCreight A, Stephan M. Local and regional anesthesia. In: Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Procedures, 2nd edition, King C, Henretig FM (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2008.
McGee DL. Anesthetic and analgesic technique. In: Roberts and Hedges Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine, 5th edition, Roberts JR, Hedges JR (Eds), Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia 2010.

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Comparison of commonly infiltrated local anesthetics