Version May 2024
| Altered consciousness |
| Alcoholism, seizures, head trauma, general anesthesia, drug overdose |
| Dysphagia |
| Esophageal disorders including stricture, neoplasm, diverticula, tracheoesophageal fistula, incompetent cardiac sphincter, achalasia, oropharyngeal obstruction, xerostomia |
| Neurologic disorder |
| Cerebrovascular accident, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, myasthenia gravis, pseudobulbar palsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| Mechanical disruption of the usual defense barriers |
| Nasogastric tube, endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, bronchoscopy |
| Other |
| Protracted vomiting, gastric outlet obstruction, large-volume nasogastric tube feedings, pharyngeal anesthesia, general debility, recumbent position, ascites, gastroparesis, ileus, glottic insufficiency (eg, vocal cord paralysis) |
آیا می خواهید مدیلیب را به صفحه اصلی خود اضافه کنید؟
