Noninfectious causes of neonatal respiratory distress

Disorders of transition:

Meconium aspiration pneumonia

Pneumothorax

Pulmonary edema (eg, due to large PDA)

Pulmonary hemorrhage

Pulmonary effusion

Congenital lung abnormalities:

CDH
CPAM

Other rare genetic or infantile diffuse lung diseases:

Alveolar capillary dysplasia
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (Immotile cilia syndrome)
Genetic disorders of surfactant dysfunction
Primary pulmonary hypoplasia
Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis

Congenital abnormalities of the intrathoracic airway:

Tracheomalacea
Bronchogenic cyst
TEF
Tracheal hemangiomas or webs

Congenital abnormalities of the upper airway:

Choanal atresia
Laryngomalacia
Laryngeal clefts or webs
Subglottic stenosis
Subglottic hemangioma

Congenital heart disease:

Large VSD
PDA
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Truncus arteriosus
Others*

Metabolic disorders:

Hypoglycemia
Metabolic acidosis

CNS abnormalities:

CNS injury (eg, IVH)
Hydrocephalus
CNS malformation (eg, Chiari malformation)

TTN: transient tachypnea of the newborn; RDS: respiratory distress syndrome; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; CDH: congenital diaphragmatic hernia; CPAM: congenital pulmonary airway malformation; TEF: tracheoesophageal fistula; CHD: congenital heart disease; VSD: ventricular septal defect; CNS: central nervous system; IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage.

* Tachypnea and increased work of breathing are common findings in many forms of CHD. Refer to separate UpToDate topics on critical CHD for additional details.

Graphic 56457 Version 3.0

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Noninfectious causes of neonatal respiratory distress