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خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
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Clinical manifestations of accidental hypothermia

Clinical manifestations of accidental hypothermia
  Mild Moderate Severe
Neurologic Confusion, slurred speech, impaired judgment, amnesia Lethargy, hallucinations, loss of pupillary reflexes, EEG abnormalities Loss of cerebrovascular regulation, decline in EEG activity, coma, loss of ocular reflexes
Cardiovascular Tachycardia, increased cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance Progressive bradycardia (unresponsive to atropine); decreased cardiac output and BP; atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, J (Osborn) wave on ECG Decline in BP and cardiac output, ventricular fibrillation (<28°C; 82.4°F) and asystole (<20°C; 68°F)
Respiratory Tachypnea, bronchorrhea Hypoventilation, decreased oxygen consumption and CO2 production, loss of cough reflex Pulmonary edema, apnea
Renal Bladder atony, cold diuresis Cold diuresis Decreased renal perfusion, oliguria
Musculoskeletal Increased shivering Decreased shivering (<32°C; 89.6°F) muscle rigidity Patient may appear dead ("pseudo-rigor mortis")
Metabolic Increased metabolic rate, hyperglycemia   Decreased metabolic rate, hyper- or hypoglycemia
Hematologic Increase in hematocrit, decreased platelet count and white blood cell count, bleeding diathesis, DIC    
Gastrointestinal Ileus, pancreatitis, gastric stress ulcers, hepatic dysfunction    
BP: blood pressure; CO2: carbon dioxide; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation; ECG: electrocardiogram; EEG: electroencephalogram.
Reproduced with permission from Hanania, NA, Zimmerman, JL. Accidental hypothermia. Critical Care Clinincs 1999; 15:235. Copyright © 1999 WB Saunders Company.
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