Version May 2024
| In all patients: |
| Brain MRI, including FLAIR and DWI, with and without gadolinium enhancement |
| Serum electrolytes, liver, renal, and thyroid function tests |
| Vitamin B12, homocysteine |
| Urinalysis, culture |
| In most patients: |
| Lumbar puncture, cell count and differential, protein, glucose, syphilis serology |
| EEG |
| In selected patients (based on abnormalities in above tests or suggestive clinical features): |
| CSF |
| Cryptococcal antigen |
| Bacterial fungal AFB stains and cultures |
| Cytology |
| Viral PCRs and cultures |
| Lyme serology |
| 14-3-3 protein |
| Paraneoplastic antibodies |
| Blood |
| Rheumatologic screen (ESR, ANA, CRP) |
| Antithyroglobulin, anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies |
| HIV |
| Lyme |
| Paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic autoimmune antibodies |
| Copper, ceruloplasmin |
| Whipple PCR |
| Urine copper, heavy metal screen |
| Further imaging (angiography, PET, SPECT) |
| Brain biopsy |
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