| Cardiac |
- Congenital heart disease
- Patent foramen ovale
- Atrial septal aneurysm
- Atrial myxoma
- Atrial fibrillation
- Other arrhythmia
- Cardiomyopathy
- Myocarditis
- Myocardial infarction
- Cardiac surgery
- Cardiac catheterization
- Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
- Endocarditis
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Prosthetic valve
|
| Hematologic |
- Sickle cell disease
- Inherited prothrombotic states:
- Protein C deficiency
- Protein S deficiency
- Antithrombin deficiency
- Factor V Leiden (associated with activated protein C resistance)
- Prothrombin G20210A
- Elevated homocysteine
- Elevated lipoprotein(a)
- Polycythemia vera
- Acquired prothrombotic states:
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- L-asparaginase
- Pregnancy
- Estrogen-containing contraceptives
- Protein-losing enteropathy
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Leukemia and other malignancies
|
| Vascular |
| Noninflammatory |
- Arterial dissection:
- Spontaneous
- Traumatic
- Secondary to connective tissue disease (Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan)
- Fibromuscular dysplasia
- Hypertension
- Radiation vasculopathy
- Moyamoya:
- Primary moyamoya disease
- Secondary moyamoya syndrome associated with:
- Sickle cell disease
- Neurofibromatosis type 1
- Down syndrome
- Williams syndrome
- Cranial radiation
- Fibromuscular dysplasia
- Young women who smoke and use estrogen-containing contraceptives
- Vasculitis and postinfectious vasculopathy
- Viral or bacterial infection
- Congenital heart disease
- Vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Congenital vessel hypoplasia
- Migraine
|
| Inflammatory |
- Focal cerebral arteriopathy
- Takayasu arteritis
- Giant cell arteritis
- Kawasaki disease
- Polyarteritis nodosa
- Vasculitis associated with rheumatologic disease
- Primary central nervous system angiitis
- Infectious/postinfectious vasculitis:
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Varicella
- Bacterial meningitis
- Syphilis
- Tuberculosis
- Fungal
|
| Metabolic |
- Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
- Fabry disease
- Homocystinuria
- Menkes' disease
- Mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
|
| Drug use |
| |
