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خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
نسخه الکترونیک
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Drugs as immunogens

Drugs as immunogens
Mechanism Examples Type of reaction generated
Complete allergens
Foreign macromolecules Recombinant proteins (eg, cetuximab, rituximab) Type I
Insulin and other hormones
Enzymes and protamine
Antisera
Vaccines
Functionally-multivalent chemicals Quaternary ammonium compounds (eg, neuromuscular-blocking agents, such as succinylcholine)
Carboxymethyl cellulose
Direct haptenation
  Beta-lactam antibiotics

Type I

Type II

Type III

Type IV

Penicillamine
Heavy metals (gold, cisplatinum)
Metabolism to haptenic form*
  Sulfonamides 

Type I

Type II

Type III

Type IV

AcetaminophenΔ 
Phenacetin 
Procainamide
Halothane
Direct stimulation of immune receptors (the p-i concept)
  Sulfamethoxazole Type IV
Abacavir
Lidocaine, mepivacaine
Carbamazepine, lamotrigine
Flucloxacillin§
Allopurinol/oxypurinol
* The generation of haptenic forms is not conclusively known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reactions to these drugs.
Postulated intermediate: Hydroxylamine.
Δ Postulated intermediate: Quinone imine.
◊ Postulated intermediate: Radicals, acyl halides.
§ Can also act as hapten.
Original figure modified for this publication. Celik G, Pichler WJ, Adkinson NF Jr. Drug Allergy. In: Middleton's Allergy Principles & Practice, 8th ed, Adkinson NF, et al (Ed), Elsevier, Philadelphia 2014. Table used with the permission of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Graphic 54199 Version 6.0

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