Risk factors for chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD)

Probable

Acute rejection

Lymphocytic bronchitis/bronchiolitis

CMV pneumonitis

Medication noncompliance

Primary graft dysfunction

Donor-specific HLA antibodies

Gastroesophageal reflux

Potential

CMV infection (without pneumonitis)

Organizing pneumonia

Recurrent infection other than CMV

Older donor age

Prolonged allograft ischemia

HLA-mismatching

Underlying cause of lung disease

CMV: cytomegalovirus; HLA: human leukocyte antigen.

Adapted from: Estenne M, Maurer JR, Bohler A, et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome 2001: An update of the diagnostic criteria. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21:297.

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