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تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
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Classification of adverse drug reactions

Classification of adverse drug reactions
Drug reaction Examples
Type A: Reactions occurring in most normal patients, given sufficient dose and duration of therapy: Common and predictable
Overdose

Hepatic failure (acetaminophen)

Metabolic acidosis (aspirin)
Side effects

Nausea, headache (with methylxanthines)

Oral thrush or vaginal candidiasis (with glucocorticoids)

Nephrotoxicity (with aminoglycosides)
Secondary or indirect effects

Diarrhea due to alteration in GI bacteria after antibiotics

Phototoxicity (with doxycycline or thiazide diuretics)
Drug interactions Macrolide antibiotics increasing theophylline, digoxin, or statin blood levels
Type B: Drug hypersensitivity reactions restricted to a small subset of the general population: Rare and mostly unpredictable
Intolerance* Tinnitus after a single aspirin tablet
Idiosyncrasy (pharmacogenetics)

G6PD deficiency: Hemolytic anemia after antioxidant drugs (eg, dapsone)Δ

TPMT deficiency: Toxicity during azathioprine therapyΔ

Pseudoallergic reaction (with NSAIDs)
Immunologic drug reactions (allergy)

Anaphylaxis from beta-lactam antibiotics

Photoallergy with quinidine

Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (with heparin)

Serum sickness (with antivenom preparations)

Vasculitis (with phenytoin)

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (with allopurinol in HLA-B*58:01 individuals)Δ
GI: gastrointestinal; G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; TPMT: thiopurine methyltransferase; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
* Side effects at subtherapeutic doses.
¶ Drug effect not attributable to known pharmacologic properties of drug and not immune-mediated.
Δ This is an example of a type B reaction that is predictable.
Modified with permission from: Celik G, Pichler WJ, Adkinson NF Jr. Drug Allergy. In: Middleton's Allergy Principles & Practice, 7th ed, Adkinson NF, et al (Ed), Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia 2009. p.1205-1226. Illustration used with permission of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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